Inside the incredible history of Fabergé's iconic bejeweled eggs

The fascinating history of Peter Carl Fabergé's exquisite creations

The ultimate collector's items, Fabergé's fabled gemstone-studded Easter eggs are considered the pinnacle of luxury.

Over 100 years since the House of Fabergé was shut down by Bolshevik revolutionaries, read on to discover the incredible story behind its famous bejewelled treasures.

All dollar amounts in US dollars.

From Faberge to Fabergé

The story begins in 1842 when Baltic German jeweller Gustav Faberge opened his eponymous store in Saint Petersburg. Looking to appeal to the Francophile Russian aristocracy, he added an accent to the final 'e' in his surname to make it sound more sophisticated and 'French.'

Peter Carl Fabergé

Gustav's son, Peter Carl Fabergé – the family had now adopted the final accented 'e' – was born in 1846 and educated at the best schools in Russia. Fabergé senior moved to Dresden, Germany in 1860, leaving the House of Fabergé in the capable hands of workmaster Hikias Pendin, while Peter Carl completed his education in Saint Petersburg.

Stellar education

At the age of 18, Peter Carl embarked on a Grand Tour of Europe, picking up invaluable skills from master goldsmiths in Germany, England, and France and studying great works of art in Europe's most renowned galleries and museums.

Return to Saint Petersburg

Upon his return to Saint Petersburg in 1872, 26-year-old Peter Carl had already amassed a spectacular array of jewelry-making techniques and ideas. Under the mentorship of then-Fabergé boss Hiskias Pendin, he worked at the company for the following 10 years, honing his skills to perfection.

Master goldsmith

Pendin died in 1882, and Peter Carl took over as boss of the family firm. That same year, he was awarded the accolade of master goldsmith, and his talented younger brother Agathon joined the company to act as his assistant.

Royal fan

The House of Fabergé had been tasked with restoring objects in Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Museum and was invited to exhibit in the same venue. In 1885, the company's uncanny copy of an ancient gold bangle from the Scythian Treasure caught the eye of Tsar Alexander III (pictured), who was amazed by its craftsmanship.

Egg inspiration

The same year, Tsar Alexander III commissioned the House of Fabergé to craft a precious Easter egg for his beloved wife, Empress Maria Feodorovna (pictured). As a child in the Royal Danish Court, Maria was mesmerized by an egg that belonged to her aunt, which comprised five parts: an ivory eggshell, gold eggshell, hen, crown, and ring. This egg was the inspiration behind Fabergé's famous creations.

The first Fabergé egg

Peter Carl and his team set to work and created the first Imperial Easter egg, known as the First Hen Egg. More than a nod to the egg Maria had so admired in her childhood, the first Fabergé egg is made from white enameled gold. It opens to reveal several surprises: a gold yolk and hen, along with a diamond replica of the Imperial crown and chain, which have sadly since been lost.

A resounding success

The Empress was thrilled with her Easter gift. Tsar Alexander III made Fabergé the official goldsmith to the Imperial Russian Court and commissioned an egg for the following Easter. From this point on, Fabergé was given complete creative control. The Tsar only stipulated that each egg be unique and contain a surprise. A tradition was born.

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Total egg count

Fabergé made 69 eggs: 50 Imperial Easter eggs from 1885 to 1917, of which 43 survive, and as many as 19 bejeweled eggs for well-heeled private clients, including the Rothschild family, the Duchess of Marlborough, and Prince Felix Yusupov.

Today, the surviving eggs are owned by museums, charitable foundations, and private collectors.

Third Imperial Egg rediscovered

The Third Imperial Egg from 1887, long believed to have been lost, surfaced in 2012 at a scrap metal dealership in the American Midwest. It was bought for $14,000, around $19,500 in today's money.

The ridged gold egg, set on a jewel-encrusted tripod and containing a surprise timepiece by Vacheron Constantin, was sold to a private collector via London jewelers Wartski in 2014 after the buyer finally realised what he'd purchased. The collector bought the egg for £20 million, the equivalent of over $35.8m today.

The egg was put on display in 2022 at London's Victoria & Albert Museum as part of the exhibition Fabergé in London: Romance to Revolution.

Diamond Trellis Egg and the lost elephant surprise

This relatively pared-down Fabergé egg was crafted for Easter 1892. The egg is carved from pale green jadeite and wrapped in a lattice of rose-cut diamonds with gold mounts. The surprise, a gemstone-studded ivory elephant, went missing for many years.

Luckily, in 2015, the precious elephant was discovered languishing in a Buckingham Palace cabinet.

Caucasus Egg

As the years passed, the eggs became more and more ornate and opulent. The Caucasus Egg, made by Fabergé workmaster Michael Perkhin in 1893 and presented by Alexander III to his wife that Easter, is studded with diamonds and pearls and contains a series of miniature surprise paintings.

Rosebud Egg

The first Fabergé egg commissioned by Tsar Nicholas II, the Rosebud was presented to Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in 1895, a year after the death of Tsar Alexander III.

The sumptuous egg is finished in red enamel and fine gold, which opens to reveal a yellow-enameled rosebud. This rosebud contained two surprises, a bejeweled crown and ruby pendant, both of which have vanished without trace.

From 1895, Fabergé produced two Imperial Easter eggs a year, one for the Empress and another for the Dowager Empress (the Tsar's widow).

Imperial Coronation Egg

The Rosebud was the last Fabergé Imperial Easter Egg to feature a predominantly red color scheme; Tsar Nicholas II and his wife reportedly developed an aversion to the hue as their son, the Tsarevich Alexis, had hemophilia.

In 1897, Fabergé created one of its most iconic eggs, the Imperial Coronation Egg. Made to commemorate the new Tsaritsa, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, the golden egg contains a replica of the Imperial coach.

Lilies of the Valley Egg

The House of Fabergé was all about embracing the trends of the moment. The Lilies of the Valley is one of two Fabergé eggs in the Art Nouveau style that was hugely fashionable at the time.

The egg, which is covered in pearls, was given by Tsar Nicholas II to his wife on April 5, 1898. Three miniature portraits make up the egg's surprise.

Imperial Pelican Egg

This beauty was presented by Tsar Nicholas II to his mother, the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, at Easter 1898. The Pelican Egg is made from engraved red gold and mounted with an enamel pelican.

The surprise is a selection of eight watercolor miniatures depicting charities patronised by the Dowager Empress.

Gatchina Palace Egg

The Dowager Empress received another sumptuous creation at Easter 1901 when her son presented her with this Fabergé masterpiece.

Dotted with pearls and finished in fine enamel, the egg houses a gold replica of the Empress' country residence, the Gatchina Palace, complete with a flag, cannons, and a statue of Tsar Paul I.

Moscow Kremlin Egg

The largest of the Fabergé Imperial Easter Eggs, the Moscow Kremlin Egg is a sight to behold. Crafted for Easter 1906 and presented by Tsar Nicholas II to his wife, the supersized egg replicates the Kremlin's Cathedral of the Dormition, the venue for Russian Imperial coronations, in gold, onyx, and enamel.

An inspired touch, the surprise is a music box contained in the base that plays two Easter hymns.

Tsarevich Egg

The Tsarevich Egg was created in 1912 for Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in honor of her son, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia.

Peter Carl Fabergé, who was aware of the Tsarevich's hemophilia and frequent brushes with death, crafted the egg as a tribute to his survival. The lapis lazuli and gold egg contains a surprise miniature of the Tsarevich and a tiny Russian double-headed Imperial eagle.

Winter Egg

The most expensive Fabergé egg ever crafted, the Winter Egg was presented to the Dowager Empress at Easter 1913.

The obscenely decadent egg is made from platinum, quartz, and orthoclase and is studded with 1,660 diamonds. The surprise, a platinum and gold flower basket, contains a further 1,378 diamonds. It broke records when it sold at auction for $9.58 million in 2002 and is thought to be worth closer to $70 million today. 

Tragic ending

Created on the eve of the Russian Revolution in 1917, the last Fabergé Imperial Easter eggs, the Karelian Birch Egg and Constellation Egg (pictured), were never finished or presented to the Tsar.

Not long after, the Russian Royal Family was murdered, and the House of Fabergé was nationalized before being shut down. Peter Karl fled Russia for Germany, where he died in 1920. His family believe he died of a broken heart.

Brand revival

Thankfully, the Fabergé story doesn't end there. The brand was bought and sold a number of times over the years and finally relaunched as a high-end jeweller in 2009, with the blessing of the Fabergé family.

Among other treasures, the company now makes egg pendants, which retail for astronomical sums.

Now uncover the remarkable stories of 18 amazing treasures discovered in ordinary homes

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Updated by Alice Cattley